The beginnings
of the modern Western fanaticism with the notion of the mind (and all its processes)
as separate from the body is normally traced back to and vehemently pinned to 17th
Century French philosopher Renee Descrates. His brand of property dualism was
particularly strong in its insistence that consciousness was a thing above mere
flesh and blood, and his ideas are seen as one of the most pervading influences
on modern views in both philosophy and science. While I feel that this is in
some ways beyond debate, as it has been acknowledged by many time and time
again, there is an important source from which the disembodied mind could have
got its first legs (apologies) which I believe is often overlooked.
The source of
which I speak is the well known institution of Western Christianity, and the
multiplicity of branches, churches, chapels and leaders which have kept it functioning
throughout the Middle Ages right up to the today.
Before discussing where one can find the seeds of dualism within this religious tradition, it is very important to note and remember that Christianity, and especially the Roman Catholic Church, was hugely influential throughout medieval and modern history (although obviously to a lesser extent), with many wars being fought in its name and nearly all Western academic and scientific pursuits being carefully ‘guided’ by its hand. Examples of its total control over the development of scientific thought during the Middle Ages are in abundance; Galileo being forced by the Church to recant his very correct observation that the Earth travels around the Sun and not the other way around immediately comes to mind here.
With this in
mind, it is now time to consider the actual beliefs and core ideas which
permeate this teaching tradition. In what some may call a selective manner, I
will examine what I believe are the two central (interconnected) tenets of
Christianity (and many other religions also).
The first is the
idea that the short physical time-span we spend on this planet is a transient
period. It is a time which although is necessary, it is not the only phase in
our existence and what is done on earth (while obviously important if you’re planning
on pearly gates being in your future) will come to an end which is not The End
for us as an existing and conscious individual. This first tenet sets the
ground-work for the basic ideology that physical existence is finite in a way
that existence of the self (the conscious thinking self that is) is not, that
existing within the physical realm will end long before existing itself will.
The second
accompanying idea which is held by those who follow this doctrine is the period
of existence which begins at the end of our transient corporeal one is one
where we as a person still exist, but the physical limitations of our previous
existence has been stripped away. In this ‘afterlife’ we are still the same
individual consciousness agent even though we have been separated from our physical
bodies. Surely the fact our mind goes on existing in full without need of our
bodies indicates that they are not one in the same, and that the mind is of a
different calibre and substance altogether.
It is this idea,
which permeates all the teachings of Christianity, which I believe is a strong
contender for the guilty party in the prevalence and adherence to the view of a
disembodied mind within Western philosophical and scientific tradition. Influential
academics such as Descartes, who (as a quick scan of his ‘First Meditations’ will
tell you) was deeply religious, could not have avoided themselves being
influenced by the core ideas which held together the Church they followed. The
idea of Heaven has inherent the makings of a dualistic conception of body and
mind or in a more modern wording brain and cognition and it seems prudent to
assume that Christianity has itself been one of the strongest influences
throughout Western history and has more right than most to lay a claim for
ownership on what has now become known as the classic cognitivist view of human
existence.
Very interesting stream of thought. Could you tie it into some existing literature? This topic is rarely discussed within cognitive science, but in allied areas, including philosophy of mind and anthropology, it is not unknown.
ReplyDeleteYou could link this back further,back to the Ancient Greeks (as always). The christian church views are based on the teachings of jesus, who some skeptics would argue was loosely based on Socrates. Neither wrote anything down, both were son's of craftsmen (mason/carpenter), both killed by their elders for not paying respect to their gods & spreading an alternative message, Socrates believed in the eternity of the soul, that a pure soul was better than health and wealth and that the best way to achieve a pure soul was by being kind onto others and he also got angry in the marketplace a few times. Sound familiar? "All mens souls are immortal, but the souls of the righteous are divine and immortal", is a quote attributed to Socrates but wouldn't appear out of place in the Gospels.
ReplyDeleteThroughout most Greek philosophy there is a search for 'absolutes', and much discussion on the indivisibility of the soul, so I think looking for precursors for dualisitc ideologies within this tradition would certainly yield some results.
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